Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Enduring Love Quotes

Chapter 2 Although passion is not dealt with directly in this chapter, if you consider that Joe was passionate about the balloon incident then the following points can be made: â€Å"I was wild by now, ready to fight, run, dance, you name it† (page 20) Joe is clearly caught up in the moment, and his adrenaline has kicked in. Adrenaline itself can be seen as a form of liberation as it frees the body of its restrictions, and as the ‘fight or flight response theory’ says, allows you to escape dangerous situations, freeing yourself. the mania began to subside and I felt trapped and lonely in my decision† (page 21) This same excitement has now disappeared and he is imprisoned by his decision to go forward and investigate, as â€Å"to turn back would mean humiliation† for him. His desire to take control of the situation has led to him being in an ironically undesirable situation. This chapter also offers the first hints about Jed’s â€Å"long winter of obsession†, and although there are often references to the future they rarely tie in to the coursework title. ’What we could do, he said with a seriousness which warned against mockery, ‘is to pray together’† (page 25) Jed’s passion for religion has given him a means of liberation from the grim reality of the incident, as he believes that prayer will help them. However, this then backfires and his need to prayer imprisons him to be alone in prayer, as Joe will not join in. Chapter 4 Page 42 â€Å"My tormentor stirred†¦ † The love that Jed is creating in his imagination is making Joe constantly feel anxious and is imprisoning his thoughts and only allowing him to focus on Jed. Page 40 â€Å"†¦I returned his passion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Because he is tal king about this passion it is liberating him by getting it off his chest. Page 44 â€Å"I was scared of what it would do to me† He is talking about this situation with Jed and we can see that this obsession and passion from Jed is creating mixed emotions and creating this presence that Joe feels is constantly surrounding him. Chapter 5 – â€Å"I had already travelled some distance that evening from the time I had come in and had wanted only to talk to Clarissa about Parry† Imprisoning Joe as Jed is constantly on his mind and in his thoughts, even when spending time with Clarissa. â€Å"I love you† Carissa’s passion is liberated for Joe. – â€Å"He felt it too? † The whole situation with Jed traps Joe into this thought that he doesn't know the answer to. Chapter 6 Pg 59 middle of pg . â€Å"I almost said, or following me, but something held me back. † By Joe not telling Jed that he does not want him to stop following him, it lea ves Jed with the option to continue following joe without calling. As seen later in the novel, Jed does not call Joe as much butt continues to follow Joe, by writing letters and looking at his research.This imprisons Joe because Jed’s passion and love for him leads to Jed stalking him and becoming a dangerous threat to Joe and later Clarissa. Pg 56 above middle. â€Å"my cell, my guilt? † Joe feels guilty about the death of John Logan and feels he should go and tell Jean Logan (wife) . Joe wants to keep the fact that he thinks he caused john logan’s death by letting go of the balloon imprisons him because when he eventually goes to visit Jean Logan with his premeditated speech prepared about how John was brave etc.Is not appreciated by mrs logan because she asks him to find out if her husband was cheating on her. This imprisons him because he cannot get in touch with anyone else but Parry, the man who is passionately in love with him. Pg 60. â€Å"when this sto ry was closed it would be important to know something about Parry† I think what is being said is that because Joe is so passionate about science, he treats meeting Parry as some kind of experiment, he HAS to find SOMETHING out about him, and I believe Joe’s passion for science and wanting o know more imprisons him because he agrees to meet Jed. This leads to Jed thinking(in ch 7) that Joe sends more signals and then Jed’s obsessive love imprisons Joe throughout the novel Chapter 7 1) â€Å"You love me and there’s nothing I can do but return your love†¦ I don’t know why you have chosen me. All I know is that I love you too now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Jed to Joe) (Imprisoning) This quote suggests that the assumed love that Joe has for Jed is imprisoning him because he has no choice but to give it back so he doesn’t necessarily feel liberated by the love given to him.This quote can also suggest that Jed may feel liberated by Joe because he says tha t Joe has chosen him which means he has been selected from and preferred above others. 2) â€Å"I was quite interested to know, although I also wanted to get away† (Joe to Jed) (Imprisoning) Although Joe is obviously feeling uncomfortable and awkward around Jed, he is still reluctant to leave him and still pushes to ask him questions even though he thinks Jed accusations are obscene. This might make feel Joe feel imprisoned because his actions can not reflect his mind because of the affect Jed has on him. ) â€Å"He was watching my face with a kind of hunger, a desperation† (Joe) (Liberating) Joe described the way Jed was looking at him like he was desperate which may suggest Jed relies on him to liberate him from whatever pain he is going through. This indicates that Jed needs their love to liberate him and is also desperate for it. 4) â€Å"I was feeling suffocated†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Joe) (Imprisoning) The fact that Joe uses the word suffocated suggests that Joe feels t hat Jed is preventing him from his right of living with both his presence and ways of thinking.The fresh air that Joe once had in his life has been cut off by the discomfort of Jed. Chapter 8 Jed seems to be imprisoning Joe from the very beginning of the chapter ‘I heard his voice on the monitor echo in the hall behind me. Joe, God’s love will seek you out’ he is unable to escape Parry ‘I went back to the hall and turned the monitor volume down’ the use of ‘echo’ is effective because it portrays how Parry is now all around him; he is unable to break away from the situation which seems unreal, he is constantly being reminded of their apparent ‘love. ’ In the bathroom I splashed my face with cold water†¦ it’s almost as though Joe cannot grasp the reality of the situation, he even has to splash his face with cold water to wake him up. He feels imprisoned by Jed’s love and is confused as to why Jed is so obses sed ‘Wondering what it would be like to be obsessed by someone like me’ Joe is terrified by the situation, he related back to the ballooning incident when they were having a picnic and Clarissa handed him a bottle of wine. He is trying to work out when the obsessions began and what triggered them. He is unable to escape Parry who has become so close to him now emotionally and physically.Joe feels the need to trace back to solve the situation which shows how serious it has become and how much it is now bothering him, it is affected his relationship with Clarissa. This is highlighted by the face Jed cannot escape from him in his own home; he results to turning of the answering machine. By the end of the chapter Joe has been affected ‘I thought, I’m in a relationship’ shows how Jed has the power to make Joe feel as though he is trapped in a relationship with him, he feels emotionally connected with him and is unable to break away.Parry could also be con sidered to be imprisoned by his love for Joe, ‘ he was always there, staring at the entrance, like a dog tied up outside the shop’ he is waiting just to speak to Joe who has described him as an animal possible because of his lack of care felt towards him. Furthermore, Parry is searching for signals ‘Joe, Brilliant idea with the curtains. I got it straight away? All I wanted to say is this. I feel it too. I really do’ he is seeking any little possibility that they could be together. In addition, he is trying to relate to Joe’s feelings to feel emotionally close.Chapter 9 ‘They rarely row, Clarissa and Joe. She is especially bad at arguments. She has never been able to accept the rules of engagement which permit or require you to say things that you do not mean, or are distorted truths or not true at all. She can’t help feeling that every utterance of hers takes her further not only from Joe’s love, but from all the love she’ s ever had, and makes her feel that a buried meanness has been exposed that truly represents her’This shows that passion can be imprisoning because it’s causing her not to say things because she’s frightened she’ll lose him. Causing her to think less highly of herselfClarissa’s personality is being held hostage by this fear of rejectionWe need to bear in mind that Clarissa and Joe are very comfortable with each other, these things are routineWe can prove it because while Clarissa is in the bath washing, Joe is sitting in the room having a conversation with her.‘His emotions are slow to shift to anger in the first place. ’ ‘Your only concern is I’m not massaging your damned feet after your hard day’ ‘Also it’s particularly hard to be harsh to Clarissa because she is so easy to wound. Angry words leave an instant mark of pain across her face’Jed’s passion for Joe provokes a kind of liberatio n in that Joe undergoes a personality change and breaks his own rules on what to say to Clarissa. ‘This reference to a recent tender half hour shows Joe as much as Clarissa. He had no resentment at the time, in fact he enjoyed it’This causes him to experience pleasure while hurting her. Clarissa leaves the room; ‘While it’s still delicious to feel wronged’ Ironically, she feels happy because Joe has hurt her. He feels he wouldn’t mind picking up the dressing table stool and throwing it through the window’ It is liberating because Joe wants to express and express his personality.Chapter 10 â€Å"Parry of course was to blame for coming between Clarissa and me†¦ † This shows how Parry’s passion towards Joe imprisons Joe, as it is ruining his relationship with Clarissa. So it is imprisoning Joe and also Clarissa showing that, passion can not only be imprisoning for the two people involved but can also affect those around as well. ‘high railings and perhaps some kind of military presence, a security guard or sentry. This shows one of the many references to prisons and imprisoned places during the book. Showing that as he saw his after Jed that it refers to how his passion is imprisoning Joe. â€Å"What do you want? †¦ Parry’s sobs got the better of him then. † This shows how Jed lets his emotions get the better of him and he almost explodes.He becomes out of control, his passion imprisons himself, and he does things that maybe aren’t seen as normal and this shows how he is feeling used and tortured and that he can’t get away from Joe, so he is imprisoned by him. â€Å"I thought of Clarissa with a sudden leap of cheerful love†¦ Here passion is shown to be liberating. As Joes passion towards Clarissa helps him, makes him happy and almost hopeful. It also seems to help him pull through all the nastiness he just experienced. Chapter 11 (Jed’s first lett er) Page 94 – â€Å"And you, constrained as you are by your situation and by your sensitivity to Clarissa’s feelings† In Jed’s letter, he says that he understands why Joe cannot contact him directly and obviously. Jed feels that this is because Joe’s passion for Clarissa is imprisoning him by preventing him from contacting Jed, which Jed feels is what Joe wants to do.Page 94 – 95 – â€Å"What I’m trying to say is, you’ve seen my soul (I’m certain of that), and you know how to reach deeper into me, but you know next to nothing about the ordinary details of my life – how I live, where I live, my past, my story. It’s only the outer clothing, I know, but our love has to include it all† Passion is liberating as, according to Jed, his passion for Joe means that Jed can tell Joe everything about him. Passion is liberating because Jed’s â€Å"soul† has been revealed to Joe.However, it co uld also be said that passion is imprisoning as Jed says â€Å"our love has to include it all†, which could be seen as imprisoning as it means Joe has to know everything about Jed and Jed has to know everything about Joe. This could be imprisoning as it means they have no privacy. Page 97 – â€Å"Does it horrify you that I can see through you so easily? I hope it thrills you, the way it thrills me when you guide me with your messages, these codes that tap straight into my soul† Jed believes that he completely understands Joe, because of their love.This passion is liberating as Jed believes that his passion for Joe has given him the ability to understand him easily. Chapter 13 â€Å"I wanted to suggest that we talked in the garden, under the blossom, in the fresh air. † Top of page 113 This particular quote could be taking very literally; Joe feels imprisoned in the house, trapped by Mrs Logan’s passionate grief over the death of her husband.  "If she comes near this house,† Jean Logan said simply as the door behind us opened and two children came into the room, â€Å"I’ll kill her. God help me but I will. Page 117 last paragraph. This quote is a good example of just how imprisoned by passion Mrs Logan is. With the picnic that she has kept, and the over-analysis of the rose water on the scarf, along with this quote we can tell how trapped by the idea of her husband having an affair she is. However, whether her husband turns out to have been cheating or not, both outcomes will be distressing for her. If he really was she will have to live with the idea that she was unfaithful, if he never did she has to live with the knowledge that she suspected him, even after he died a hero.On the other hand it could also be said that she is liberated by this passion as it gives her something to focus on other than the loss of her husband. â€Å"Imagining what it would mean†¦ and save our love. † Page 112, Secon d paragraph. Seeing Mrs Logan’s grief reignites in Joe his passion for Clarissa, which in turn liberates him from his obsession with Jed, albeit only temporarily. He realises that he needs to try to save their relationship. Chapter 14 pg118 â€Å"It was with a touch of sadness that Clarissa sometimes told me that I would have made a wonderful father. Here, Joe’s love for Clarissa is presented as being imprisoning as Joe is willing (and happy) to stay with Clarissa despite saying that love’s only use was reproduction. It is ironic that later in the book Joe and Clarissa adopt a child, have his attitudes changed towards the purpose of love? Joe’s passion for rationality might restrict him from committing to Clarissa as they cannot reproduce together. Joe is torn between his want or even need to be a father, and wanting to stay with the love of his life.Pg118 â€Å"I see myself through that child’s eyes, and remember how I regarded adults when I was small. They seemed a grey crew to me, too fond of sitting down, too keen on small talk, too accustomed to having nothing to look forward to. † The notion of rationality being a kind of innocence or naivety as pointed out by Clarissa is reinforced here. Adults are often restricted by commitments, duties, morals etc. Childhood can be considered a small period of freedom as children do not have the duties or commitments that an adult does.Thus, Joe is liberated by his passion for rationality (if we adopt the view that rationality is a kind of innocence) as he is not confined by the 9-5 regularity of a mundane adult life. pg121 â€Å"Was my life to be entirely subordinate to other people’s obsessions? † It is clear that Joe is imprisoned by Jed’s love towards him, as he himself develops an obsession with finding threats in Jed’s actions. This comes very close to ruining Joe and Clarissa’s relationship. Therefore we can say that Jed’s love for Joe is imprisoning for Joe as he is in a mental cage of which he cannot escape.At this point, Joe is talking about being subordinate to Jean Logan’s obsession about finding the truth about her late husband. The book is very centred on obsessions and the fact that McEwan infers that Joe’s mental health is gradually deteriorating shows that Joe is being destroyed by the obsessions. Tension is also built, as again Joe cannot escape from them. Why does Joe agree to phone the other people from the accident when he seems so intent on avoiding further trouble? Chapter 15 â€Å"He (Parry) said, ‘I’m pretty well off you know. I can get people to do things for me.Anything I want. There’s always someone who needs the money. What’s surprising is how cheap it is, you know, for something you’d never do yourself? ’† Though at the time Parry seems to be referring to the ease of hiring a researcher, the subtle threat that lies undern eath these words stems from his passion (as does pretty much anything Parry does) and he ends up trapping Joe, who will now have to go around worrying about what Parry could do. â€Å"We were so happy in our reunion, so easy with each other, and now I could not quite imagine a route back into that innocence. Thanks to the passion of the last few weeks; both Jed’s passion for Joe and Joe’s speculated return passion for Jed, both Joe and Clarissa (and pretty much every other character) are now trapped, waiting for the story they are in to unfold, and cannot get back to the way things were. Chapter 16 Jed’s – Second Letter Page 133 – â€Å"He needs my help, I told myself whenever I came close to giving up, he needs me to set him free from his little cage of reason. † Jed feels that his passion for Joe and his passion for his faith can liberate Joe from his beliefs in science and â€Å"reason†.Joe’s passion for science is imprison ing him in a â€Å"cage of reason† where he cannot understand faith. Page 136 – â€Å"one day you’ll be glad to say, deliver me from meaninglessness† Jed believes that his passion for his faith will make Joe want to be liberated from the â€Å"meaninglessness† of science and reason. Page 137 – â€Å"In four years’ journalism, not a word about the real things like love and faith. † Passion is imprisoning because Joe’s passion for science is imprisoning him for expressing and believing in the importance of â€Å"love and faith†. Chapter 17Pg141 â€Å"I had started this love affair and I should therefore face my responsabilities towards him. † Jed’s obsession with Joe has now become so intrinsic to Joe’s life that he is led to believe that he is the cause of it. Jed’s letters are persuasive enough that Joe almost seems to accept that it was he who started Parry’s erotomania, this im prisons Joe as he thinks he is to blame†¦ and possibly to blame for the breakdown of his and Clarissa’s relationship as he also reflects again upon his luck of his ending up with Clarissa if he is so â€Å"oafishly large and coarse†(pg140) – makes Joe feel inadequate â€Å"I wanted more than that (hint of threat).I longed for it. Please put the weapon in my hands, Jed. One little threat would have given me enough to take to the police, but he denied me. † Joe is in a sort of limbo, the obsession is too much for Joe to just ignore, but too small for the police to take any sort of action. Therefore, Joe is restricted by Jed’s love as although he might say something in his letters that Joe could meticulously infer was a threat, Jed’s love for Joe is too strong for him to be overtly threatening. Pg143 â€Å"This was love’s prison of self-reference. † Jed’s solipsism is imprisoning as said by Joe, for Joe or Jed?Jed refu ses to be affected by external factors as Joe tries to create these signals himself, he lives in his own world creating his own signals that supposedly come from Joe. Chapter 18 â€Å"Clarissa thought her emotions were the appropriate guide, that she could feel her way to the truth† This shows passion to be almost liberating as Clarissa believes her passion towards Joe, and almost her passion towards emotion and her beliefs will bring her to the ‘truth’ and will help her to find what she needs. â€Å"I gathered all Parry’s letters together†¦ lacing each in a plastic folder. † Here we see how passion can be imprisoning, as Jed’s passion for Joe is imprisoning Joe, as it has made Joe obsessive in a way and makes him feel like he needs to spend a lot of time on this. So we see that is it bothering him, as he can’t do anything about it and so it is constantly on his mind. â€Å"it’s because one of our little playful episodes b rought me for the first time in my life†¦ on the edge of the invisible pitch. † Here we see how Joe’s passion for Clarissa and also reading and broadening his mind both are liberating to him.As we see how this is a significant moment for Joe, which has stuck in his mind because it mixed the two things he was so passionate about, which obviously made him happy. Analysis of Chapter 22 In this chapter, Jed Parry’s emotions are presented clearly, he feels emotionally imprisoned by his love for Joe, and has forbidden Clarissa to leave the apartment. In this chapter, Joe’s emotions reach the peak, this is shown because previous chapters he states how ‘alone’ he feels which lead him to purchase the gun for protection.The authorities have ignored Joe’s cause of concerns which leaves him feeling imprisoned and following a criminal root to resolve the situation. His imprisonment is presented when he says ‘It was just another of those i nert devices you wrap at home after shopping- mobile phone, VTR, microwave- and wonder how difficult it’s going to be to bring it to life’ he is trying to come to terms with the situation by relating it to things that he is familiar with such as home devices.‘These are the rumbling giants of this lower world for not far below the hreshold of visibility was the seething world of roundworms- the scavengers and the predators who red on them†¦ ’This reference to nature’s cycle possibly portrays his feelings towards the situation with Jed, that beneath the surface there are always complications for instance Jed’s emotions are deeper- it is an illness. Furthermore, the problems are not always visible just like Jed’s illness people are not listening to Joe which is making him imprisoned. Possibly the cycle reflects how Joe feels trapped in an emotional rollercoaster with Jed, unable to escape like the creatures who are in a food chain cy cle. ‘Round the back, where the dustbins were kept, was a locked fire escape for which only residents had the key’ Another cycle has been created, as Joe says ‘I haven’t been out here since the morning after Logan’s accident, after Parry’s phone call’ as we are taken back to when everything went wrong- the ballooning accident. Possibly the cycle portrays how trapped Joe feels unable to break away from Jed’s love, and feeling alone with no support from the authorities. Several relations to cycles emphasises how enclosed Joe feels. Chapter 23 We’ve loved each other passionately and loyally. Their love for each other has both liberated them.On the one hand, Joe’s love and passion for Clarissa drives him to keep things from her and eventually results in him shooting Parry before he could do any damage but he is liberated from the relationship (at the time) because Clarissa still wants time apart. Perhaps it became a sub stitute for the science you wanted to be doing Joe’s passion for science makes Clarissa believe that Jed was like a science experiment to Joe, and because Joe is so passionate about science he threw himself into researching everything he could about Jed but he imprisoned himself and became more distant and isolated from Clarissa.Chapter 24 â€Å"I dreaded more personal talk in such an enclosed space† (page 222) Their previous passion now means they cannot be so close together and quotes such as the above, or â€Å"we were in six feet of space, shoulder to shoulder in fact† suggest that they are imprisoned together, even though Joe desires liberation from the situation. â€Å"A rule never to be seen together in Oxford† (page 228) Even though Bonnie and Reid seem to love each other, the fact that they are a teacher and student means they are imprisoned to not be seen around Oxford.Another side of the argument is that passion has liberated Reid, as he feels that â€Å"it’ll be a relief to resign†. â€Å"But who’s going to forgive me? † (page 230) Jean Logan will now likely be imprisoned by guilt for the rest of her life, as she falsely accused John of an affair; her passion for him led to her almost going insane and coming up to baseless conclusions, much as Jed did, and now she is suffering for it. Appendix The whole letterThis letter is ironic due to the fact that his enduring love and passion for Joe has mentally imprisoned him as well as physically imprisoning him. Page 245 â€Å"I’ve never felt so free† This phrase is completely ironic as Jed believes that his love and passion for Joe has freed him however his love and passion for Joe has imprisoned him in a mental asylum. Page 245 â€Å"Thank you for loving me† The idea that this passion he feels for Joe is real and reciprocated is one of the various imprisoning thoughts in Jed’s head.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Comparative study between Blade Runner & Frankenstein Essay

Victor’s attitude is reactionary and domineering as he ostracises the Creature and employs diabolic epithets towards him such as ‘daemon’, completely disregarding the value of responsibility prevalent in Shelley’s era the perpetual darkness enveloping the ambient world echoes the ecological concerns of deforestation and global warming of the 1980s and thereby Blade Runner parallels Frankenstien insofar as both Shelley and Scott admonishes the disregard for nature as a reflection of shifting values toward artificial compromise. Pathetic fallacy of ‘the dreary glaciers are my refuge’ mimics the Creature’s isolation to convey the inherent role of nature in Shelley’s Romantic context as weather supplements his emotions. gothic conventions of heightened emotions are embodied with the Creature’s exaltation anthropomorphised nature ‘My spirits were elevated by the changing appearance of nature’, which values the subli me’s ability to inspire spiritual renewal. Intertextual ‘Immortal Game’ where Roy outplays Tyrell, symbolic of Tyrell’s eventual demise as a ramification for usurping God’s omnipotence. rapid technological progression of the 1980s forward, to represent a society where empathy has been replaced by pervasive commoditization. Scott incorporates the idea of people as commodities suggested by Roy labelled as a ‘prize’ embodies a cautionary message through a foreboding biblical reference to Lucifer, â€Å"you seek knowledge†¦may be a serpent to sting you’ to reinforce the irony of Victor’s prolonged toil of pursuing more knowledge with little benefit. Hence, Victor’s unchecked scientific investigation is depicted as ultimately self-destructive and to that end, Shelley induces us to appreciate the need for moderation by exposing the complications of intellectual extremism. ‘I ought to be thy Adam, but I am rather the fallen angel’ Here, the Creature’s rational lexis is juxtaposed with Victor’s insect imagery â€Å"Begone! Vile insect†, whereby the Creature’s developed sense of morality in comparison to Victor’s tyrannical behaviour reflects Shelley’s concerns of morally deficient humans and by extension; Shelley berates the use of oppression as a means of governance.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Trial of Henry Kissinger

Amanda LakeyInternational Relations Book Review 18 April 2012 Kissinger’s Offenses The book the Trial of Henry Kissinger was written by Christopher Hitchens, a political opponent of Henry Kissinger. He is considered to be a pretty controversial figure because of his confrontational type of debate. He is considered a political observer, polecemist, and a self-proclaimed left -winged radical. He can be remembered for being a critic of Henry Kissinger, Mother Theresa and Bill Clinton.The Trial of Henry Kissinger took a long time for the author to write because he collected a lot of incriminating evidence to help bring out the wrongdoings Kissinger has done during his political career. The book focuses on Hitchens’s examination of the evidence of Henry Kissinger’s supposed war crimes. Hitchens thinks that Kissinger deserves prosecution â€Å"for war crimes against humanity, and for offenses against common or customary or international law, including conspiracy to co mmit murder, kidnap, and torture† ( Hitchens 2).To the author, Henry Kissinger is just a great liar who seems to have an amazing memory. According to Hitchens, Kissinger may be connected to war casualties in Vietnam, massacres in Bangladesh, planning murder in Chile when the US was not at war with them, involvement in the murder of the head of state of Cyprus, enabling a genocide in East Timor and kidnapping and murdering a journalist from Washington DC. The logic in which the author uses appears to be pretty persuasive to the reader. It is difficult to argue with one who uses such solid support in his opinions.This book seems more like pure fact than just what the author thinks. If I were to have read thinking Henry Kissinger was innocent, afterwards I would start to think that he should be charged for the things he did. I think many Americans are not aware of the kinds of secrets acts that happen within the political system. This is an eye opener for many citizens; one shoul d not get away with committing a crime, even if he has a lot of power. One of the main events the book focuses on is Kissinger’s involvement with the bombing of Cambodia.The bombing of Cambodia would need approval from congress before it could occur. Unfortunately, Nixon and Kissinger never tried to get approval and went ahead with the plan anyways. They would try to hide these happenings from society. The bombing of Cambodia actually took place for about fourteen months, and â€Å"as a result of the expanded and intensified bombing campaigns, It has been estimated that as many as 350,000 civilians in Laos, and 600,000 in Cambodia, lost their lives† (Hitchens 35).These events were leaked into the newspaper by American journalists, and Kissinger tried to find those responsible by wire-tapping phones. Another one of the events that took place is Kissinger’s involvement with the Vietnamese War. During the 1968 Paris peace talks, Kissinger came into the discussion a nd said that â€Å"he thinks any pullout next year would be a serious mistake†¦ he favored a continued winding down and then a pull out†¦ so it is too late to affect the election† (Hitchens 19). Kissinger was having secret meetings with the North Vietnamese, specifically the negotiator Le Duc Tho.He was hiding these meetings from the rest of the governments officials who should have been involved. These peace talks ended up being futile, but they did help him gain more of a reputation with Nixon. Nixon was not happy with the way the Vietnamese War was turning out, so he decided to invade the neutral countries of Cambodia and Laos; this resulted in one million deaths in Cambodia and 350 thousand deaths in Laos. Even after everything that occurred, Henry Kissinger signed a peace treaty with Le Duck Tho in 1973. The two of then were then awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.Henry Kissinger was one of the people who helped start the war, and he is also the person who helped fi nish it: â€Å"It took Henry Kissinger to ensure that a war of atrocity, which he had helped to prolong, should end just as furtively and ignominiously as it had began† (Hitchens 20). According to Hitchens, there is a Vietnam Veterans’ Memorial in which the names are listed by date, not alphabetically: â€Å"The first few names appear in 1954, and the last few in 1965† (20). A majority of the American population would not know that we went into Vietnam as early or as late as the memorial claims.The author also talks about Kissinger’s role in Bangladesh. Kissinger supported Pakistan in the Liberation of Bangladesh in 1971. He wanted to show China how useful the United States can be when it comes to tactical alliance so they would side with America and oppose the USSR. Kissinger helped support the extermination of many Bengalis: â€Å"Kissinger had received some very bad and even mocking press for his handling of the Bangladesh crisis, and it had somewhat spoiled his supposedly finest hour in China† (Hitchens 50).The Nixon Administration also was involved in a controversial military coup in Chile. Nixon had given the CIA permission to hold a military coup in order to prevent Salvador Allende’s inauguration. Allende was said to have ties with communist countries, which is something that caused the United State’s to have a rocky relationship with Chile. In 1973, the military coup caused the death of the Chilean leader. After this happened, Augusto Pinochet took control of Chile and began to bring a reign of terror to the country. Two cases were filed against Kissinger and dismissed during these times.He was blamed for being involved in the military coup and disregarding those civilian’s and their family’s lives when he encouraged the Chilean repressive regime. The Trial of Henry Kissinger is one of the more recent books written in 2002 about the wrongdoings of Henry Kissinger, but other books were prev iously written before this time. One of the books is called the Price of Power written by Seymour M. Hursh in 1983. The other book is called Sideshow written by William Shawcross in 1979. There was obviously a great time span between these two books and the most current one, but they all seem to have the same idea.They all seem to discuss Kissinger’s involvement with the Nixon Administration and try to charge him as a war criminal. The other books seem to focus on the topic of Cambodia the most, but the Trial of Henry Kissinger seems to discuss more circumstances for which Nixon should be charged for. The Slideshow seemed to think that Cambodia was one of the biggest crimes Kissinger and President Nixon committed: â€Å"Neither the United States nor its friends nor those who are caught helplessly in its embrace are well served when its leaders act, as Nixon and Kissinger acted, without care.Cambodia was not a mistake; it was a crime† ( Shawcross 396). According to the book the Price of Power Nixon and Kissinger both appear to be in denial that any of the occurrences were their fault: â€Å"Kissinger and Nixon would repeatedly claim that the failures in South Vietnam and Cambodia were not their responsibility but the fault of Congress, which had cut off funding for the war† (Hursch 640). The book the Trial of Henry Kissinger is able to expand on these arguments more by giving solid evidence.One of Nixon’s associates who worked alongside Kissinger claimed that if the plan for Cambodia did not work then Henry would get in trouble: â€Å"Kissinger was caught between the views of his staff- several of whom resigned in protest when the invasion began- and the need to please the President† ( Hitchens 28). Compared to the other books that has been written about Kissinger, I think the Trial of Henry Kissinger is the most helpful and informative, but because of the use of excerpts from government documents and memorandums, it can be a little difficult to read.I also feel the author did not use enough counter arguments when he wrote the book. I feel like this is supposed to be an argumentative book in which the author tries to sway the reader to agree with his side. I think there is enough evidence to back up the authors claims, but the book would be even more believable had he tried to bring in opposing arguments and prove them wrong this way, there would be no arguing that Kissinger did do something wrong. All in all, I think this book is very useful for people to learn about Henry Kissinger.To be honest, before coming into this class, I had never heard anything about him or the terrible things he was involved in. I think this book gives good background information in order to show the reader what kind of person Kissinger is and why he should be treated like a criminal. Because there was so much evidence from government documents used in the book, I have almost no arguments against the author’s claims. Re ferences Hitechens, Christopher. Trial of Henry Kissinger. Verso, New York. 2001. Print. Hursch, M Seymour. The Price of Power. 1983. Print. Shawcross, William. Sideshow. 1979. Print.

People Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

People Development - Essay Example t and uninterrupted process that expands, communicates and facilitates the prospective path, core competencies and principles of an organization, and assists to construct a perspective of understanding. Performance management attempts to find out who or what provides valuable performance with regard to organizational strategy and goals, and guarantees that performance is effectively and efficiently accomplished. Thus, performance management is an integrated scheme that guarantees that the following are instigated and performed: (a) goal-setting of the organization, team and individuals; (b) performance evaluation system; (c) incentive policies and designs; (d) training and development policies and schemes; (e) communication, performance feedback and mentoring; (f) individual planning for career advancement; (g) systems for monitoring the value of performance management mechanism and processes (Tovey & Uren 2006). Even though the critiques of performance management do hold reliable proof as to the loopholes of the system, other experts assert that the constructive features of performance management considerably overshadow flawed features. Alternatively, an investigation of the constructive features as suggested by pioneers of performance management system is indispensable. The following are the claimed advantages of an efficiently monitored and executed performance management system: (a) enhanced employee job performance; (b) prospective employees for development are classified; (c) planning for potential human resource needs is expanded; (d) organizational goals are attained; (e) boosted morale; (f) superior customer satisfaction; (g) an unambiguous connection between performance and compensation is realized; (h) a competitive leverage is acquired; (i) enhanced quality of management (Armstrong 2000). The knack for managing and leading employees and encouraging them to perform at their best does not arise effortlessly, nor is it stagnant. A superior performance

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Epidemiology Assigment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Epidemiology Assigment - Essay Example In the present scenario, stress is the inevitable part of life. It could be physiological or psychological. Cortisol is an important hormone, it is not only released during the condition of stress but also in fight or flight responses. This hormone brings various stress-related changes as well. It is evident that body’s relaxation response must be activated to combat stress. The condition of the stress cannot be prolonged as it could be devastating and induce chronic stress worsening cognitive performance, suppressed thyroid function, hyperglycemia, reduction in bone density and muscle tissues, increased blood pressure and lowered immunity, increased abdominal fat and hence invites all linked (Scott, 2008). Psychological stress brings release of cortisol, a stress hormone that maintains physiological and psychological equilibrium. If cortisol is released in embellished magnitude, it brings harmful effects not only on somatic health but also impairs cognitive functioning. It is apparent that stress-induced variations of hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis functioning are implicated in the commencement and upholding of both somatic and psychiatric conditions, these and also comparable arbitrations could be used for anticipation and rehabilitation of these deleterious stress effects. The view is the focus of the article, it is the study carried out to examine the long-term effects of cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM) training on cortisol stress management in healthy men and women. The article emphasizes the impact of CBSM training to attenuate cortisol stress responses in both men and women. The article has the advantage of selecting the participants for both control and treated groups of negligible demographic variables (including age, gender, habitual smoking, use of oral contraceptives and body mass). The article presents a sight that there is a slight variation between the sexes in response to the CBSM training. Any

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Microeconocs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Microeconocs - Essay Example This "supply schedule" is usually represented by relationship between market price and amount of goods produced. On the other side, "demand is defined as the willingness and ability of a consumer to purchase a given product in a given frame of time" (Clasquin 24). This schedule represents the amount of goods that consumers are willing to purchase at different prices as long as everything else remains the same. While there are numberless different markets that vary from country to country, there are a few producers that find a demand throughout the world. One of these is the demand for oil, with almost all machines depending on the energy it provides. The production and consumption of oil makes for a perfect example of how supply and demand works. One of the largest and most well known oil producers is The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). This organization ties together the biggest oil producing countries in the world including: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. "OPEC's influence on the market has been widely criticized. Several members of OPEC alarmed the world and triggered high inflation across both the developing and developed world when they used oil embargoes in the 1973s" (Clasquin 24). OPEC has weathered the ups and downs of supply and demand like no other producer has because the demand for oil in today's fluctuating market is constantly changing. With the worldwide economic crisis currently taking over many parts of the world, the demand for oil has been significantly reduced. "For years, the world's oil surplus was negligible. This year, OPEC's spare capacity is expected to surge to around four million barrels a day, according to the U.S. Energy Department. In 2009, global oil demand will fall by 800,000 barrels a day -- the sharpest retreat since the recession of the early 1980s, the Energy Department predicts" (King A.6). This sharp decline in demand can be directly linked to the pocketbooks of everyday citizens. A massive amount of the demand OPEC sees comes from everyday citizens needing oil to power their cars. Many of these citizens are losing jobs and feeling the crunch due to economic stress. They have less spending money and are sticking only to necessities. In this case, less spending money means less demand. For example, citizens have less money to spend on leisure activities which almost always require some kind of transportation to and from. It seems that people are driving only to and from work, sticking to their homes and surrounding neighborhoods in their time off. People can't afford to take vacations, depleting the demand of oil needed to operate airplanes, and an allover tightening of pocketbooks is restricting the amount of work needed to be done by the machinery using oil as a power fuel. Therefore, with all of these factors facing OPEC, they have "announced that the group's largest supply cut, --2.2 million barrels a day - after pledging to cut two million barrels a day in the autumn, when the slowdown began to take hold" (King A.6). Global economic stress has stalled OPEC actions along with signs ofa weakening energy demand. At the end of 2008 reports of crude oil stocks rising in cost and falling retail sales in the U.S. were driving oil prices down.

Friday, July 26, 2019

Strategic Management Plan for McDonalds Research Paper

Strategic Management Plan for McDonalds - Research Paper Example The two brothers were named as Dick and Mac. They started the business of fast food with a small shop in California. Their small restaurant established in California offered barbeque and small burger. For the next 14 years, McDonald continued satisfying the food needs of the local market. It was in 1954, when Ray Kroc thought of introducing McDonald in literature and wrote few lines about it. He took keen interest in the business of McDonald and acquired its first franchise license (History of McDonald’s Restaurant::About McDonalds.com, 2012). Ray Kroc also thought of business expansion and opened another McDonald outlet in Illinois near Chicago in 1955. He registered McDonald Corporation and gave it the status of a company. The first strategy of McDonald was devised in 1957. It was based on the principles of quality, service and cleanliness. Based on these fundamental principles, Ray Kroc expanded his business and the number of McDonald outlets reached up to 100 in 1959. This remarkable success enabled him to negotiate with McDonald brothers for purchase of all rights of McDonald. He succeeded in this matter as well and in 1961, he owned the McDonald Corporation. It was transformed to a Public Limited organization in 1965 which was registered at New York Stock Exchange in 1966. The journey of McDonald’s expansion went beyond national level penetration. In 1967, the first international outlet was opened in Canada. In 1974, UK market was explored for possible profitable opportunities. Major promotion was done in UK to attract a huge market. It paid well in return and by 1983, McDonald had succeeded to establish 100 branches in the UK. The expansion went on in other countries of the world as well. Current Situation of McDonald McDonald is perceived as a valuable brand in various parts of the world and people like to satisfy their self esteem needs by being its customers. With 33,000 outlets, its business is spread in more than 119 countries of the w orld. According to a report published in 2011, 60 million customers visit McDonald every day. In 2008, McDonald was rewarded as the top organization in the context of imparting trainings to its employees. Its standard is so high that its offered trainings qualify the employees for nationwide acceptance and are considered as a qualification (Franchise New Zealand, 2011). Among the countries of UK, McDonald enjoys the status of top 25th big company. In the later stages, the ranking elevated to 22nd. On the grounds of attracting talented manpower and retaining them on profitable relationships, McDonald was the all rounder in the industry. Strategic Posture of McDonald As mentioned earlier, the strategy of McDonald is based on the principles of quality, service and cleanliness. By quality, McDonald management means the quality of food and the service as well. Quality of food refers to the freshness of ingredients used in preparation of food and the way it is served and presented. The st rategy of service is related to convenience to have the food items. McDonald places its outlets at the locations which are easy to access for students, professionals and families alike. There are the customers who want to dine in the outlet; hence comfortable sitting arrangement is made for them. The background music further adds to the beauty of the atmosphere and the visiting customer enjoys the experience of dining. There are customers, who want to take away food stuff

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Eliminating the Home Mortgage Tax Deduction Essay

Eliminating the Home Mortgage Tax Deduction - Essay Example White argue that taxpayers were now allowed to deduct interest they pay on secured loan by qualified homes, either their main home or a second home. The loans in this case include first and second mortgages, credit’s home equity line and home equity loans. White (1) argues that recreational vehicles and even boats may also qualify as home in case they have cooking sleeping and toilet facilities. White notes that millions of US homeowners depend on the Mortgage Interest Tax Deduction as a way of reducing their true cost of homeownership and have more disposable income. This interest is filed on form 1040 of schedule A accompanied with other itemized deductions such as medical expenses, real estate property tax and donations. In this case, taxpayers are expected to fill in Schedule A, to determine if their itemized deductions exceed the standard. If this is proved so, then taxpayers will save more money based on their taxes by itemizing. Over the past years, many issues and cont roversies surrounding Home Mortgage Tax Deduction have arisen as to whether or not it should be scraped. Many economists consider it a waste of money due to concern about the federal budget deficit (Perez 1). They argue that Home Mortgage Tax Deduction does very little to assist in lowering income homeowners make the changeover from renters to owners. These economists say that Home Mortgage Tax Deduction only encourage upper income buyers to buy big homes to take bigger mortgages a view which I also concur with. This paper will discuss why Home Mortgage Tax Deduction should be scraped as a way of cutting the budget. History of the residential housing market Muth and Goodman (1) argue that housing is the most precious and unique commodity. In US for instance, about one-seventh of all personal consumption expenditures are on housing exclusive of other household operations and furnishing. They notes that residential real estate accounts for more than half of the US fixed capital stock and about one-quarter of the country’s gross lending investments are made up of construction of residential estates. Mortgage lending has however varied for one-quarter to one-fifth of all funds raised by Americas credit markets. United States is one country that has faced economic housing bubbles over the past few years affecting many parts of the countries housing market. For instance, the prices of housing peaked at the beginning of 2006 with a decline towards 2007 reaching its low recently in this year. For instance, at around December 2008, the home price index of Case-Shiller reported the largest drop in prices in America’s history. It is argued that increased rates of foreclosure between 2006 and 2007 among homeowners in US is what led to the crisis that hit the country in August 2008 for credit, subprime, mortgage, hedge funds. Leader of the realty and mortgage industries Economy Watch (1) notes that real estate industry emerged as one of the major industries i n the united states over the past few years. It argues that the housing bubble witnessed in Florida, California, and Michigan, and New York brought with it major changes in real estate in US. The housing bubble was the result of an increase in valuation of real estate in the US domestic territory. Economy Watch reports that mortgage lenders, commercial banks and other financial

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Bit coin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bit coin - Essay Example As Boardman, Sondomir and Sondak (38) argues, the primary aim of Nakamoto was to create a form of online currency in order to circumvent payment processing technicalities which online traders were facing. Specifically, the entry of the transactions on the ledger or mining processes had become difficult if not impossible to such users. Apart from the mining, digital currency can be a form of exchange of currency, goods, and services. Through Bitcoins, users can make purchases of goods, send, and receive the money via electronic means for a small fee and with the help of wallet application on an Internet-enabled gadget. The virtual currency as a system of payment for commodities purchased online has undergone rapid growth, and businesspersons have an advantage to enjoy the use of the currency owing to its lower than the 3 percent typically charged for loading and or use of credit cards. Nonetheless, many governments from around the world have been hesitant to welcome the use of the currency within their respective jurisdictions, with some warning their citizens against the use of the service due to its lack of consumer safeguards. Bitcoins are vulnerable to theft and chargeback defaults. As Boardman, Sondomir and Sondak (12-29) have indicated, the use of the currency for commercial purposes is still minimal and largely preferred by speculators. This alone has added to the lots of worries and its volatility, hence the fear of the bubble effect. Bitcoin speculators have contributed to the bubble effect theory explaining the unpredictable future of the currency. This is especially true considering that speculators who top the list of Bitcoin users argue that with $200 in one’s virtual account now, the value of the money will increase to $600 or $1,000, since they will find people who are willing to buy it at that higher price. The buying of the currency in hope that the value would increase is a serious flaw in the thinking

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

With rreference to recent case law discuss the impact of the human Essay

With rreference to recent case law discuss the impact of the human rights act 1998 on the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy - Essay Example The UK Constitution is rightly deemed an unconventional, uncodified constitution that is a pragmatic product of experience and experiment. Central to the UK Constitution is the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy which endows the UK Parliament an overweening supremacy above all other governmental institutions including the executive and the judiciary. As defined by Albert Dicey, it is a doctrine wherein the Parliament has â€Å"the right to make or unmake any law whatever and further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament.†3 Parliament is not bound by its predecessor. In other words, it confers upon the Parliament the title â€Å"Supreme Lawmaker† by which the notion of judicial review does not apply. Thus, no court is allowed to question the validity of an Act of Parliament. Moreover, the Parliament’s legislative competence is rendered unlimited and by ordinary Act of Parliament it is empowered to alter any aspect of the existing Constitution. This doctrine had been questioned but was upheld in the Madzimbamuto case with finality, holding that if Parliament chose to enact a law that is improper or immoral, â€Å"the court will not hold the Act of Parliament invalid†.4 This doctrine had also been lambasted by such judges as Lord Chief Justice Woolf on the ground that it causes the British courts to become a weakened judiciary, stripped of the power of judicial review and the power to interpret civil rights implications while the Parliament is free to enact any legislation that it desires.5 It is a reality though, that the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy was threatened and suffered an erosion when UK decided to become a member of the European Union in 1972 and had to accede to European laws and the principle of the supremacy of European union law. The case Costa v ENEL

Network Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Network Security - Research Paper Example Network Security Introduction: Network security is a fairly confusing and complicated subject that has historically been tackled only by experts and experienced professionals. Nonetheless, increased wiring among people in the networked world has increased the need for people to perceive and master the fundamentals of security. This paper has been written with the basic information systems manager and computer user into focus so that they may acquire sufficient knowledge to hype in the market, identify potential threats and to tackle them appropriately. First, a bit of networking history is discussed. This discussion is followed by the introduction to internetworking as well as TCP/IP. Later, risk management, firewalls, and potential network threats will be discussed in order to elaborate the purpose of secure networking tools and devices. This paper is intended to lend the audience a broad perspective of the network security in general, and a sense to identify, manage and reduce risk s both at home and the workplace in particular. In order to sufficiently comprehend the rules and traits of network security, it is imperative that an individual has some basic knowledge of computer networks. Therefore, it is customary to briefly discuss the foundations of computer networking before moving over to the popular networks and their security. What is a Network? A network may be defined as a set in which lines that resemble a net interlink with one another. It is essentially a system of interconnected lines. Like any network, a network of computer essentially has many computers interlinked with one another. There are numerous ways to interconnect the computers. There are seven layers of communications types with interfaces according to the Reference Model of the International Standards Organization (ISO) / Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) as shown in the figure below: â€Å"The ISO/OSI Reference Model† (Curtin, 1997). Each layer is dependent upon the services of the immediately lower layer. This pattern follows until one gets on the lowest layer of physical network. This can be best understood by drawing a comparison between this model and something of everyday use like a telephone. A telephone is the means of transmittal of message between two people when they are sufficiently away to be out of each other’s earshot. Same happens at the application layer of the ISO/OSI model. The telephones serve the purpose by converting the sound into electronic pulses which may be transmitted back and forth through the wire. Layers underneath the application layer serve the very purpose. Both sets of the telephone need to be connected into a switch which is an essential component of the network of switches of the telephone system. In order to make a call, an individual needs to pick the receiver up and dial the desired extension or number. This number indicates the central office which the request goes to so that a phone from that office rings up. Th e individual at the other end picks up the receiver and the conversation begins. Computer networks have a similar way to function. Some Popular Networks: A lot of networks have been identified and employed over the last 2.5 decades or more. In this paper, two of them will be looked into. Both of the networks are public networks, that essentially means that either of them can be connected by anyone. People can

Monday, July 22, 2019

Political Aspects of Wireless Electricity Essay Example for Free

Political Aspects of Wireless Electricity Essay It is no secret that politics plays a big role when it comes to the introduction of the wireless electricity. Some parties are for it, as it can allow for slightly greener ways of powering devices, new jobs, and easier access. But others are against it, seeing the change as a threat to old ways of doing things, as well as a way for people to access electricity for free. Though wireless transmissions and the idea of wireless electricity have existed for quite some time, the actual possibility of creating usable, accessible wireless electricity is just now starting to become a reality. With wireless electricity looming on the horizon, more and more politicians, civilians, and companies are beginning to stand behind the idea; but that has not always been the case. Politics first began working their way into wireless electricity in 1905, when J. P. Morgan pulled all of his funding from Nikola Tesla’s Wardenclyffe Tower project when he erroneously began to believe that it could lead to free electricity for all (Haliburton, 2006). It is that same type of thinking that has helped to keep wireless electricity out of the mainstream for so long. However, information and general knowledge about wireless electricity has come far, and that type of thinking is quickly disappearing. With the recent surge of environmental and financial awareness, people are quickly beginning to gravitate towards the idea of wireless electricity. Even power companies are getting behind the idea, seeing a way to expand their business. Though the idea of wireless electricity has just begun to reemerge, it will quickly become a hot political topic, just as other forms of alternative energy have. The question is this: Will the general public and politicians continue to gravitate towards this new concept? And if they do, how long will it be until wireless electricity becomes the norm?

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Factors that Increase Sensitivity to Nicotine Dependence

Factors that Increase Sensitivity to Nicotine Dependence Age of tobacco use initiation, concomitant tobacco use and nicotine dependence Ziyue Wu Abstract Introduction The growing use of tobacco products have strong negative effects on public health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and lung disease (MacKenzie, Bartecchi, Schrier, 1994). As the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S., tobacco use has been linked to the death of approximately 5 million people annually (Jha, Chaloupka, Moore, Gajalakshmi, Gupta, Peck, Asma Zatonski, 2006). Given the addictive nature of nicotine, many tobacco users are likely to become chronic smokers and to have difficulty achieving successful cessation. Most research on tobacco use has focused on cigarette smoking. Ethnicity and gender have been found to be associated with cigarette smoking behavior (Hu et al., 2006[LD1]). Further, psychiatric disorders have been shown to contribute to the transition from daily smoking to nicotine dependence (Dierker Donny, 2007; Breslau et al., 1998). Despite the large number of studies examining cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence, risk for dependence based on other types of tobacco use have received far less research attention. Different types of tobacco use (cigarette, cigar, pipe smoking, snuff, tobacco chewing) may predict nicotine dependence differently. Such difference may be more significant between smokeless tobacco users and smokers. Moreover, little is known about combined effects of tobacco use on risk for nicotine dependence. ways of tobacco use. Different types of tobacco use (cigarette, cigar, pipe smoking, snuff, tobacco chewing) may predict nicotine dependence differently. Such difference may be more significant between smokeless tobacco users and smokers. Concomitant smokers may follow a unique pattern. Also, age of the initiation of tobacco use may be correlated with current usage amount and number of ways of tobacco use. It remains uncertain that whether individuals with earlier onsets of tobacco use have greater risk of becoming nicotine dependent and using tobacco concomitantly. [LD2] By examining the data from The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), this study sought to (a) understand whether different ways of consuming tobacco might lead to different levels of sensitivity to nicotine dependence; (b) discover whether age of initiation of tobacco using behavior contributes to different levels of sensitivity to nicotine dependence; (c) find out whether age of initiation is associated with concomitant tobacco use, especially combined use of smokeless tobacco and smoking; (d) discover that which ways of tobacco did most concomitant users used first.[LD3] Method Sample The sample was taken from the first wave of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). NESARC, described by Grant et al. (2006publication year?)., has an unprecedented large sample size (n=43,093) to achieve stable estimates of even rare conditions. It represents the civilian, noninstitutionalized adult population of the United States, including residents of the District of Columbia, Alaska, and Hawaii. People that lived in households, military personnel that lived off base, and people that lived group quarters: boarding or rooming houses, nontransient hotels and motels, shelters, facilities for housing workers, college quarters, and group homes (Grant et al, publication year), were interviewed in a computer-assisted personal basis after consenting to participate. The present analyses were based on all the respondents. This sample was chosen to assess both current tobacco users and tobacco abstainers. Measures Use of Tobacco products use was measured by asking respondents whether they had used cigarettes/ cigars/ pipes/ snuffs/ chewing tobacco these products in past twelve month (â€Å"Had you used cigarettes/ cigars/ pipes/ snuffs/ chewing tobacco in past twelve months?†). Frequency of Ccurrent tobacco use was measured with the question ing behavior was evaluated by the frequency (â€Å"How often did you use cigarettes/ cigars/ pipes/ snuffs/ chewing tobacco in past twelve months?†) and quantity was measured with the question (â€Å"What was the usual quantity when you used them?†). Usage quantities of certain kinds of tobacco per month were estimated by multiplying midpoint of the range of each reported frequency per month and reported usual usage quantity. Age related measures selected as third variables and control variables included age, age at the onset of certain kinds of smoking behavior (â€Å"How old were you when you first used cigarettes/ cigars/ pipes/ snuffs/ chewing tobacco?†), age at the onset of using them daily use (â€Å"How old were you when you started using them daily?†), age at the onset of tobacco using behavior (â€Å"How old were you when using tobacco at the first time?†) and age at the onset of everyday tobacco useing behavior (â€Å"How old were you when starting to use tobacco daily?†). A variable reflecting number of kinds of tobacco used was created to separate concomitant tobacco users from single way users. For concomitant tobacco users, I created variables to show the current combination of ways in tobacco use and the combination of ways when the respondents started using tobacco[LD4][EW5]. A variable reflecting the number of years since the respondents started using tobacco w as also created by subtracting the age at the onset of tobacco using initiation from age at the interview. A categorical variable was also created to describe which combinations of tobacco use the respondents fell into, single way smoking, single way smokeless tobacco, concomitant use of smoking, concomitant use of smokeless tobacco, or concomitant use of smoking and smokeless tobacco. NICE!! Nicotine dependence related variable was â€Å"Nicotine dependence in past twelve month†. Data Analyses In the first question asked, Logistic regression was estimated to determinesee whether different ways of tobacco usieng predicted nicotine dependence independently. For the secondA second set of question, another logistic regression analyses were was conducted within each type of tobacco using behavior, with controlvariables for amount used usage amount, age, ethnicity and gender controlled, to verify the correlation between the age of initiation and probability in getting nicotine dependent. A two way interaction tested by Pearson Correlation Test was conducted to examinefind out association between age of initiation of tobacco using and current number of tobacco use ways. [LD6] Results Different tobacco uses and nicotine dependence More than one fourth (25.80%) of the respondents reported some forms of tobacco use in past 12 months. Among those who used tobacco in past 12 months, 89.216% (n=9,913) smoked cigarettes, 10.106% (n=1,119) smoked cigars, 1.93% (n=215) used pipes, 6.548% (n=720) used snuffs and 4.52% (N=502) chewed tobacco. Further, the number of average cigarettes smoked per month climbed towas 186.26 (SD=332.32), whereas the numbers of monthly uses of cigars, pipe smoking, snuffs and chewing tobacco are onlywere 2.108 (SD=27.61), 2.879 (SD=28.70), 4.108 (SD=38.38) and 1.94 (SD=24.71), respectively.. [EW7] Logistic regression was used to examine the association between different kinds of tobacco use and nicotine dependence, with covariatescontrolling for of age of tobacco use initiation, years using tobacco, ethnicity and gender. Cigarettes, snuffs and chewing tobacco were positively associated with nicotine dependence, while cigars and pipe smoking failed to independently predict nicotine dependence. [EW8] Age of onset, tobacco usage amount, and nicotine dependence The average age of onset of tobacco use was 16.548 (SD=5.21) years old, and the average number of years using tobacco was 32.108 (SD=17.37) years old. Of 18,943 subjects who reported ever using tobacco, 77.656% (n=14,693) started before adulthood. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between age of initiation and nicotine dependence. Covariates included years using tobacco, ethnicity, gender and tobacco use. Age of onset of tobacco use was found to be negatively related to nicotine dependence, with earlier onsets associated with higher risks for nicotine dependence. Moreover, multiple regression was used to estimate the correlation between age of initiation and current tobacco useage amount, also with variables forcontrolling for years using tobacco, ethnicity and gender controlled. For users of most popular type of tobacco use, cigarette smokingers showed strong positive relationship between age of onset of cigarette smoking and amount of current smoking amount. Earlier onsets actually elevated was associated with a higher current cigarette smoking amount. NAnd number of cigarettes consumed was found directly linkedto be positively associated with likelihood of experiencing to nicotine dependence[LD9]. This result might serve as another clue for earlier onsets probably promoted risks for nicotine dependence. [EW10] Concomitant tobacco users and single way users Among theose 11,118 respondents who reported tobacco use in past 12 months, 10.3% (n=1,149) of them were concomitant users. Also, among 1144 concomitant tobacco users (total 1149) with available data, 54.655% (n=624) hadof them started smoking cigarettes as the first way to of usinge tobacco. In total, 71.3% (n=816) of respondents started using tobacco in smoking forms (cigarettes, cigars, pipes or combined smoking). Only 20.72% (n=237) of respondents first started using tobacco in smokeless form (snuffs, tobacco chewing or combined smokeless tobacco). The rest, only 8.39% (n=96) of respondents, first used tobacco in both smoking and smokeless tobacco. Also, among 1034 daily concomitant tobacco users, 70.50% (n=729) started smoking cigarettes first. REALLY NICE!! Outcome of the Pearson correlation tests for age of tobacco use initiation and current numbers of ways used showed a small, significant negative correlation (r= -0.11, pwas associated with a larger number of ways of using tobacco. elevated the probability in becoming tobacco co-users. Moreover, tobacco users were separated into different categories, single way smoking, single way smokeless tobacco, concomitant use of smoking, concomitant use of smokeless tobacco, or concomitant use of smoking and smokeless tobacco. Chi-square test was conducted to examine each of two different categories and nicotine dependence. Single way smokeless tobacco users were found to have lower probabilities of becoming nicotine dependence than all the other groups of users, except of the concomitant use of smokeless tobacco users. Also, the group of concomitant use of smokeless tobacco users were also found to have lower probabilities of nicotine dependence than co-users of smoking and smokeless tobacco[LD11]. [EW12] Discussion The present study sought to examine whether age of onset of tobacco use was associated with nicotine dependence and numbers of kinds of tobacco used. The study also aimed to examine whether different kinds of tobacco use were differently related to nicotine dependence. Further, itToabccoTobacco use was also examined amongthe tobacco use of concomitant users. Four major findings appeared. First, different ways of tobacco use were actually associated with nicotine dependence differently. Whereas cigars and pipe smoking failed to independently predict nicotine dependence, the other three kinds of tobacco, cigarettes, pipe smoking, snuffs and chewing tobacco were independently positively related to nicotine dependence. Second, age of onset of tobacco use was associated with nicotine dependence. An earlier initiation of tobacco use enhanced the probability of getting nicotine dependence. Third, age of onset of tobacco use also had correlation with number of kinds of tobacco use. An earlie r onset also elevated the probability of becoming concomitant users. Lastly, most of the co-users of tobacco started with smoking cigarettes. The finding of different directions of association with nicotine dependence in various kinds of tobacco may be explained by discrete habits and intentions of tobacco use. Of the five kinds of tobacco, cigars and pipe smoking failed to independently predict nicotine dependence (p=0.40). Two facts may be the causes of this may explain this explainationsexplanations phenomenon. First,First, most of the cigar smokers and pipe smokers were concomitant smokers. AIt is possible that among all cigar smokers (n=1,119) and pipe smokers (n=215), 62.02% (n=694) of cigar smokers and 74.88% (n=161) of pipe smokers were concomitant tobacco users. Second, most cigar smokers and pipe smokers did not consume large amount of cigar products. 80.07% (n= 896) of cigar users smoked less than or equal to 14 cigars per month. 60.93% (n=[LD13]131) [EW14]of pipe smokers used pipe smoking 18 times or less. Such small dose of intake may not result in enough variety of nicotine dependence. To sum up, cigar users and pipe users probably consumed these products not for satisfying the desire for nicotine but simply for a hobby. The correlation between age of tobacco use initiation and nicotine dependence showed that early initiation enhanced increased the probability of nicotine dependence. In the case of a special substance, the cigarette smoking, early initiation also elevated the current useage amount. of tobacco product[LD15]. This outcome is consistent with previous literature that stated early age of onset was associated with heavy smoking in later life (Chen Millar, 1998). Although early age of onset has been evaluated with its potential to enhance tobacco use amount, difficulty in tobacco cessation (Chen Millar, 1998; Khuder et al., 1999) and tobacco use frequency (Taioli Wynder, 1991), result of the present study has initiated strong implication that age of onset may also directly influence the possibility of becoming nicotine dependent. Moreover, the relationship between age of tobacco initiation and current kinds of tobacco use indicated that early onset also promoted the probability of becoming a current polytobacco users. Previous researchers have discovered that evidence that gender, ethnicity, education and income are related to concomitant tobacco use (Bombard, Pederson, Nelson Malarcher, 2007). However, the present study has shown evidence for the association between age of tobacco use onset and concomitant tobacco users. Further, the present study showed that a significantly large proportion of concomitant users started using tobacco by smoking cigarettes, and then stepped initiated into other kinds of tobacco. The direction of shifting among different tobacco products has been studied by others, and several various results have emerged. While some have suggested that smokeless tobacco products may act as gateway substances to cigarette smoking (Hatsukami, Nelson Jensen, 1991; Haddock et al., 2001), others have also proposed that cigarette smoking initiates smokeless tobacco use (Riley et al., 1996). There are also some researchers that have claimed none of them initiates the other (Wetter et al., 2002). The outcome of the present study suggests that cigarette smoking is likely to precede smokeless tobacco use. In the pair comparisons of different combinations of tobacco use, the group that only used one kind of smokeless tobacco showed a significantly lower probability ofin becoming nicotine dependent than groups of single way smokers, concomitant smokers and co-users of smoking and smokeless tobacco. The only group that was not significantly different did not show significantce variation in sensitivity to nicotine dependence from the group of single way smokeless tobacco users was the group of concomitant smokeless [LD16]tobacco users. One of the reasonable explanation of such phenomenon is that smokeless tobacco may be less addictive than smoking (Henningfield, Fant Tomar, 1997). Another explanation is that smokeless tobacco users might use less amount of tobacco products per month. The ANOVA of the combined amount of tobacco products used per month was conducted to test whether smokeless tobacco users had smaller amount of tobacco use. The result showed that the average usage amount of single way smokeless tobacco users was 97.94, which was significantly lower than those of single way smokers, concomitant smokers and concomitant users of smoking and smokeless tobacco, which were 408.22, 460.77 and 584.38. Strengths and limitations There are several limitations in the present study. First, only frequency of use and usual use quantity were available for estimating the amount of the tobacco products used per month. Such calculation was incomplete for reflecting the actual amount of use. Moreover, there was no measure for Conclusions and implications OUTLINE Briefly summarizing what you found (Summary) Take the main sentences of the results, don’t keep changing the words Finding 1, 2, 3: linking them to previous literature When talk about literature, don’t keep writing about the results Strengths and limitations Conclusions and implications: what should future research look at References Breslau, N., Peterson, E. L., Schultz, L. R., Chilcoat, H. D., Andreski, P. (1998). Major depression and stages of smoking: a longitudinal investigation.Archives of general Psychiatry,55(2), 161-166. Chen, J., Millar, W. J. (1998). Age of smoking initiation: implications for quitting.HEALTH REPORTS-STATISTICS CANADA,9, 39-48. Dierker, L., Donny, E. (2008). The role of psychiatric disorders in the relationship between cigarette smoking and DSM-IV nicotine dependence among young adults.Nicotine Tobacco Research,10(3), 439-446. Grant, B. F., Dawson, D. A. (2006). Introduction to the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions.Alcohol Health Research World,29(2), 74. Haddock, C. K., Weg, M. V., DeBon, M., Klesges, R. C., Talcott, G. W., Lando, H., Peterson, A. (2001). Evidence that smokeless tobacco use is a gateway for smoking initiation in young adult males.Preventive medicine,32(3), 262-267. Hatsukami, D., Nelson, R., Jensen, J. (1991). Smokeless tobacco: Current status and future directions.British Journal of Addiction,86(5), 559-563. Hatsukami, D. K., Lemmonds, C., Tomar, S. L. (2004). Smokeless tobacco use: harm reduction or induction approach?.Preventive medicine,38(3), 309-317. Henningfield, J. E., Fant, R. V., Tomar, S. L. (1997). Smokeless tobacco: an addicting drug.Advances in dental research,11(3), 330-335. Hu, M. C., Davies, M., Kandel, D. B. (2006). Epidemiology and correlates of daily smoking and nicotine dependence among young adults in the United States.American Journal of Public Health,96(2), 299-308. Jha, P., Chaloupka, F. J., Moore, J., Gajalakshmi, V., Gupta, P. C., Peck, R., Zatonski, W. (2006). Tobacco addiction. Khuder, S. A., Dayal, H. H., Mutgi, A. B. (1999). Age at smoking onset and its effect on smoking cessation.Addictive behaviors,24(5), 673-677. MacKenzie, T. D., Bartecchi, C. E., Schrier, R. W. (1994). The human costs of tobacco use. New England Journal of Medicine, 330(14), 975-980. Riley, W. T., Kaugars, G. E., Grisius, T. M., Page, D. G., Burns, J. C., Svirsky, J. A. (1996). Adult smokeless tobacco use and age of onset.Addictive behaviors,21(1), 135-138. Taioli, E., Wynder, E. L. (1991). Effect of the age at which smoking begins on frequency of smoking in adulthood.N Engl J Med,325(13), 968-969. Wetter, D. W., McClure, J. B., de Moor, C., Cofta-Gunn, L., Cummings, S., Cinciripini, P. M., Gritz, E. R. (2002). Concomitant use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco: prevalence, correlates, and predictors of tobacco cessation.Preventive medicine,34(6), 638-648. [LD1]You need to say what ethnic groups or which gender are more likely to use tobacco. It is not enough to say ethnicity and gender are associated with tobacco use. [LD2]This needs to be preceded by what the literature has shown on age of onset. In its current form, the paragraph comes a bit from left field for the reader. [LD3]You can include this in your results, but I don’t think it is on par with your other questions, so it does not need to be included here. [LD4]Not sure how to edit this, but a little less clear than earlier descriptions. [EW5]Describe the categories [LD6] We can discuss. [EW7]One decimal place for percentage and number Two decimal places for SD and SE [EW8]Add the sentence stating the likelihood, odd ratios and confidence intervals [LD9]Logistic regression? [EW10]Maybe I can delete it [LD11]Add the actual rates to this sentence. [EW12]Should I add some more details? [LD13] [EW14]Decide whether to delete it or put it in the result part [LD15] [LD16]

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Motivation rewards

Motivation rewards You have to get rewarded in the soul and the wallet. The money isnt enough, but a plaque isnt enough either (Hymowitz, Murray, 1999, 4). Motivation-the willingness to exert oneself, consequent of the afore-implied intrinsic and extrinsic incentives, is fundamental to the prosperity of individuals, groups, organizations and society; for absent of this, there exists a lack of satisfaction, productivity and willpower that ultimately leads to inefficiency, dissatisfaction and management constraints. It is the aim of this paper to contest traditional views, by asserting that pay is of equal importance as job-design in achieving motivation-which will in turn provide an appreciation that both job-design and pay act as complementary factors in inducing varying levels of motivation, greatly dependent upon circumstance. This will be accomplished through the exploration of the individual implications of job-design and pay, through the application of practical examples, empirical research and mo tivational theories. Job-design is a comprehensive term, and for clarification purposes, it will within this paper include: working environment, relationships, feedback, achievement, responsibility and lastly, growth and developmental opportunities. Hereafter, aspects of job-design which motivate simply through the activity itself, such as feedback, achievement, responsibility, growth and development will be referred to as intrinsic factors; conversely, aspects of job-design which motivate through the anticipation of external rewards, such as changes in the working environment, status through relationships and mainly pay, shall be referred to as extrinsic factors (Deci, 1972). Similarly, pay in this paper refers to salary, pay-per-performance schemes, and any other form of monetary compensation. Furthering this, Herzbergs hygiene-motivator theory examines the intricate relationship between the extrinsic and intrinsic components of job-design. The theory associates extrinsic aspects of job-design with the hygiene factors, of which the absence or inadequate development will result in dissatisfaction, thereby prohibiting motivation from occurring; however, when adequately present, motivation is still not attainable solely based on those factors (Herzberg, 1987). Conversely, the factors which are claimed to motivate are those of intrinsic nature, being capable of stimulating psychological growth. Upon application to conventional employment, it is commonly accepted that few individuals are able to dedicatedly pursue a goal, if exposed to inappropriate atmospheres, harassing superiors or neglectful colleagues. Thereby, it is understood that prerequisites of extrinsic factors must suffice, and only thereafter could an individual be satisfied and hence motivated by undertaking work which stimulates psychologically. Thus, it is imperative to understand that the visible extent of intrinsic factors available in the design of a specific job, will ultimately dictate the extent to which an individual can be motivated. Alternatively, job characteristics theory suggests that motivation of employees is best achieved through the application of meaningful work-characterised by skill variety, task identity and task significance, for which the employee is personally responsible, and receives clear feedback regarding performance (Hackman, Lee, 1979). Thereby, the perceived purposefulness of a job, which is then reinforced through feedback, indicates that the design of a job in terms of potential achievement and its recognition, responsibility and consequently growth and development through significant contribution-all intrinsic factors, will determine the attitude of an employee, and hence will reflect upon the perceived self-image of the individual in relation to their organization. The lack of feedback could typically induce feelings of insignificance, through impressions of the work not being important towards an organization. Hence, if an individuals perceived role is rather minor, there will be a lac k of incentive to perform well. Since people work more for meaning and enjoyment than anything else in their lives, not providing an individual with the opportunity to learn and develop through application of meaningful tasks and feedback, will result in reduced commitment and motivation (Pfeffer, 1998). Illustrating the significance of acknowledging social needs incorporated into job-design: a case study examining the effects of improving working conditions of workers in The Western Electric Company in Hawthorne, resulted in continuous increases in production during the experiment (Mayo, 1975): clearly illustrating the positive correlation between job-design and motivation. Additionally, the bringing together of individuals placed in an autonomous team, resulted in spontaneous but consistently increasing dedication and collaboration-once again improving productivity, demonstrated that the possibility to develop relationships and achieve esprit de corps is fundamental, and of great significance (Fayol, 1949) in attaining motivation. However, even control groups seem to have improved their productivity-most likely as a result of increased perceived importance; a phenomenon, which furthermore underlines the influential impact of self-image upon motivation, generated by the perception o f work as being meaningful to the organization. Individuals involved in work whose job-design allows for major involvement and dependency through autonomy and responsibility, would typically find themselves being confident. Such an individual will have earned the respect of management, and in turn developed an increasingly prevalent self-esteem. Taking this into account, the hierarchy of needs suggests that such an individual would be motivated by having the option through commitment in achieving his fullest potential: self-actualization (Maslow, 1943). However, pre-requisites for the basic need satisfactions according to Maslow are amongst others, freedom to express ones self and freedom to investigate and seek information. Drawing on this, individuals who are not autonomous-those who are not granted this discretionary right, will never be able to undergo motivational enlightenment; in other words, jobs which do not stimulate the intrinsic aspects of job-design have significantly reduced effects in motivating individuals accordin g to Maslows theory. Consequently, it is imperative to accommodate the needs of an individual to ensure optimal productivity, by providing meaningful, appreciated autonomous work in a steady environment, and thereby avoiding the instigation of absenteeism and the free-rider problem (Knights Willmott, 2007). Therefore, when the unavoidable occurs-sub-optimal provision of intrinsic and other job-design factors, organizations must ensure that extrinsic aspects succeed for the purpose of compensating the motivational loss. For this reason, the primary source of extrinsic motivation: pay, will is now examined. Implications of pay as a motivator have long been explored, for the vital purpose of determining to what extent individuals should be rewarded for their efforts. Traditional studies, which largely focus on the self-reported importance of pay, have frequently dismissed its absolute significance as a motivator (Rynes, Gerhart, Minette, 2004). Of such nature, an extensive study performed at the Minnesota Gas Company, was conducted in order to ascertain which of the factors (advancement, benefits, company, co-workers, hours, pay, security, supervisor, type of work, working conditions) were most important to employees, and as a result would be most motivating (Jurgensen, 1978). Males ranked pay as fifth and females seventh respectively in terms of importance. However, when those exact employees were asked to attribute the same factors in order of preference from the viewpoint of a fellow worker, both males and females remarkably ranked pay as the number one factor! These discrepancies bet ween findings are suggestive of social norms dictating that money as a source of motivation is much less noble than factors involving challenging work, and ultimately contributing to society (Rynes, Gerhart, Minetta, 2004). Additionally, this example is indicative of traditional studies presenting distorted findings, thereby begging the question of how employees behaviours change in accordance with a change in pay. Hence: more conventional studies which instead examine behavioural proclivities, have largely concluded that increases in pay or introductions of individual pay incentives, have led to significant increases in production, far greater than those resulting from job enrichment procedures (Locke, et al, 1980). A meta-study of this nature, evaluated through behavioural responses, examined the effects of inducing varying motivational techniques of firstly increased pay or pay per performance, secondly setting goals and receiving feedback, thirdly employee participation in decision making, and lastly job enrichment, arrived to the conclusion that pay was the greatest motivational factor (Locke, et al, 1980). By having observed the behavioural modifications of involved individuals as opposed to subjective self-reporting information, this case-study illuminates the possibility of pay being far more significant than what Herzberg, Hackman, Maslow and Lawler claim it to be. Despite there being evidence pinpointing the absolute importance of pay as a motivator, it must be considered that its significance does in fact depend on a number of factors (Rynes, Gerhart, Minetta, 2004). Firstly, it is imperative that variability exists in pay; if this is not the case, when considering pay as a motivator, there would be no incentive to increase performance. Secondly, the effects of pay as a motivator when variability is existent, is dependent on its relative contribution to the existing wealth of an individual. Considering the implications of a billionaire receiving a raise will have ridiculously minute effects. Thus, the motivational effects of pay can be related to its relative impact in achieving varying levels on Maslows hierarchy of needs. Although traditionally assumed that pay can only satisfy lower-order needs (Lawler, 1969), it must be stressed that in contemporary actuality, pay greatly impacts an individuals perceived status, likeability, friendships, respectability and perhaps even sexual relationships. Moreover, it can be assumed that pay in the sense of allowing the accomplishment of the aforementioned much sought characteristics of man, will ultimately lead individuals being motivated by their desire for them. Especially since, descriptors attributed to characteristics are always relative to other individuals, it is vital that in the same way, the inputs of an individual-(which could potentially lead to those much desired traits through pay), relative to their outputs, are equivalent in comparison to others (Adams, 1965). If this condition is ill met, i.e. inequitable circumstances exist: an individual would have no incentive to perform well, thereby losing motivation to perform conscientiously as a result of pay. However, if an equitable environment is maintained, pay would result in motivating an individual as long as it possessed variation, and could impact status. Realistically, as pay is somewhat of a gateway to obtaining other goods, there will often be conflict involved regarding which individuals will benefit most. Variances in pay which is theoretically a determinant for motivation, is therefore met with competition to claim certain monetary rewards. The traditional method of measuring motivation, through changes in performance and output will often experience decreases, despite enhanced individual motivation: a phenomenon, explained by the undermining of teamwork and perception that certain relationships determine outcome, rather than individual input (Pfeffer, 1998). Even more so, through the lens of Marxism, pay-incentives will ultimately result in alienation from others and oneself, and could completely obstruct efficient functionality through head to head competition, instead of teamwork (Knights Willmott, 2007). Fundamentally, regardless of intrinsic and extrinsic factors being available to a specific job, motivation will be determined by an account of what rewards are possible, and are desired for completing a certain task. Hence, the reward value and the probability of that reward occurring from ones effort is what dictates motivation (Lawler, 1969). As seen, both job-design and pay can largely result in motivation, however, the effectiveness of either are established by the underlying reasons of undertaking an activity; if it is simply for the joy of participating in the work with the expectancy of improving knowledge, pay will have very limited effects in terms of motivation. However, if an individual only conducts a specific task, with the emphasis on craving monetary compensation, even job-designs offering a variety of intrinsic factors will not suffice. Especially considering that every individual will identify a different incentive for undertaking a certain activity-founded on varyin g cultures, morals and ideals, it is vital to provide a mixture of motivational inducements: namely pay, and job-design. Subsequently, as seen, job-design through controlling the extent and availability of socially responsible environments, significant and acknowledged tasks, establishment of comradeships, responsibility and discretionary rights, ultimately determines the possible levels of motivation. Consequently, if those aspects are suboptimal, an insufficient reward value for the completion of a task would be incurred. Hence, pay-which is highly probable to occur, can to some extent be used to substitute for the absent intrinsic motivational factors in job-design, which would normally satisfy the psychological needs of individuals, by instead, attaining items and relationships which could indirectly improve self-esteem and image. In this light, both job-design and pay act as complements to each other, compensating for the lack of either, and once again inherently allowing for the pursuit of a goal. Hence: it is understood that both pay and job-design share equal importance. Thereby, it is apprecia ted that single system approaches, regardless of whether their focus is on design, payà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦are just plain destructive and suicidal (Lawler, 1980, 542) and that both must be equally considered, in order to maximise potential motivation.

The Significance of Anti-visual Imagery in Story of the Eye and Un Chien Andalou. :: Movie Film Essays

The Significance of Anti-visual Imagery in Story of the Eye and Un Chien Andalou  Ã‚      The faithful alliance between the eye and the body came under severe attack with the oncoming of the first world war. The effects of trench warfare on peoples' perceptions caused them to question and reevaluate the confidence they had once put into their sense of vision. The experience of trench warfare was characterized by confusion due to not being able to see the enemy, indistinguishable shadows, gas-induced haze, and sudden spurts of blinding light (Jay 174). As a result of this lack of visual clarity, a nationalistic movement in interwar France emerged towards visual lucidity that was evident in the declining interest in Cubism and the subsequent appraisal of Purism (Silver 79). The directive of this movement was to restore a unified sense of vision that would coincide with what was desired for the reemerging postwar society. This attempt to reorganize the shattered sense of perspective, however, encountered dissonance in many of those that were involved in the war. Many of the Surrealists, including Breton, were forced to participate in the war, and their experiences in it left them disenchanted (Jay 182). The war helped to contribute to their overall feelings of nihilism and to what Breton described as their "campaign of systematic refusal". Breton elaborated on this "systematic refusal" in his essay "What Is Surrealism?" by discussing "the incredible stupidity of the arguments which attempted to legitimize our participation in such an enterprise as the war, whose issue left us completely indifferent", and defined their refusal as "against the whole series of intellectual, moral and social obligations that continually and from all sides weigh down on man and crush him." The eye was not, it seems, impervious to the scope of this "systematic refusal". Breton and his group of Surrealists perpetuated their ideas beyond the text and into the eye through the use of painting and photography, while at the same time redefining the roles of these forms of media. "Painting the impossible" is what Magritte liked to call giving "precedence to poetry over painting (Mathews 34)" In his and other Surrealist paintings there was a strong urge to challenge the integrity of the optical experience. For example, the Rumanian-born Victor Brauner had decided to paint with his eyes closed, and Magritte directly challenged speech and thought with the incorporation of his betraying titles.